![]() ![]() The cingulo-opercular control network (COCN) includes the dorsal ACC (dACC)–medial superior frontal cortex (msFC) and bilateral AI–frontal operculum. Under a broader definition, the FPCN extends to regions including the rostrolateral PFC (RLPFC), the region anterior to the pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA), and the inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). The frontoparietal control network (FPCN) includes the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) and the anterior IPL (aIPL). d Two “control” networks have been discussed in the literature. ![]() The most prominent regions of the SN are the AI and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Although the VAN is predominantly right lateralized, a bilateral salience network (SN) has also been defined. c The ventral attention network (VAN) comprises a ventral frontal cluster of regions, including the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the anterior insula (AI), and the adjacent frontal operculum (not shown) it includes the ventral temporoparietal junction (vTPJ). b The dorsal attention network (DAN) comprises a distributed set of regions centred around the intraparietal sulcus (IPS)–superior parietal lobule (SPL), the dorsal frontal cortex along the precentral sulcus near, or at, the frontal eye field (FEF) and the middle temporal motion complex (MT+). All three DN subcomponents seem to include subsections of the IPL. Three subcomponents within the DN have been identified: (i) DN CORE includes the anterior mPFC (amPFC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and posterior inferior parietal lobule (pIPL), (ii) DN MTL includes the hippocampal formation (HF), parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and a number of medial temporal lobe cortical projections, such as the retrosplenial cortex (Rsp), the ventral MPFC (vMPFC) and the pIPL, (iii) DN SUB3 extends more dorsally and includes the dorsomedial PFC (dMPFC), the lateral temporal cortex (LTC) extending into the temporopolar cortex (TPC) and parts of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). a The default network (DN) is centered on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the posterior cingulate cortex and the lateral parietal cortex and extends into the temporal lobe and lateral PFC. These various mental phenomena can be distinguished based on their neural, cognitive, and phenomenological correlates as we have recently argued in two theoretical frameworks: The dynamic framework of thought (DFT) and the relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) model. A wide range of mental phenomena are associated with the PFC, from goal-directed thought, to mind-wandering and spontaneous thought, creative thought, rumination, and altered subjective experience under the effects of serotonergic psychedelics. Each of these networks is thought to influence cognition in relatively distinct ways, further underscoring the heterogeneity of the PFC. 2 see also Menon and D’Esposito, this issue ). 1) include at least one prefrontal subregion in their canonical components (Fig. This heterogeneity has been explored throughout the last century of neuroscientific research, from cytoarchitectonic parcellations in the beginning of the last century, to functional connectivity-based large-scale brain network parcellations in the beginning of this century. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a broad swath of brain tissue encompassing numerous cytoarchitecturally and functionally heterogenous subregions. We close by considering future directions for this work. Here, we bring these two frameworks together to provide a synthesis of how prefrontal subregions may differentially contribute to the stability and variability of thought and conscious experience. This dimension is a central feature of two recently introduced theoretical frameworks-the dynamic framework of thought (DFT) and the relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) model-that treat neurocognitive dynamics as central to understanding and distinguishing between different mental phenomena. An important dimension that distinguishes across different kinds of conscious experience is the stability or variability of mental states across time. Here we review what is known about the functions of different prefrontal subregions and their affiliations with large-scale brain networks to examine how they may differentially contribute to the diversity of mental phenomena associated with prefrontal function. It contributes to a broad range of mental phenomena, from goal-directed thought and executive functions to mind-wandering and psychedelic experience. The human prefrontal cortex is a structurally and functionally heterogenous brain region, including multiple subregions that have been linked to different large-scale brain networks. ![]()
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